None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

None - Essay Example In other instances, the error may be a result of omission or negligence. For a practice or occurrence to be considered a medical malpractice, the patient must prove certain elements, which include liability, direct causal link, and damages. For an occurrence to fulfill the requirement of liability, the patient must prove that there existed a professional relationship between the health professional and the patient. This is often easy to proof. However, the patient must also proof that the health care provider concerned offered substandard care or was negligent. Depending on the circumstances, substandard care is at times not considered a medical malpractice. The next element that the patient is required to prove is that there were injuries, which directly resulted from the negligence or substandard care (Mor & Einy, 2012). In Jose’s case, there was some of negligence since proper care was not provided in good time, which resulted in the injuries. It was clear that the permanent disability of his shoulder was due to the delayed surgery. In this particular case, the person who can be held responsible or liable is the emergency center physician since he understood the seriousness of the injuries. However, he failed to consider other measures since there was no anesthetist on call. He would have advised Jose’s parents on the seriousness of the problem and maybe they could have sought treatment elsewhere. The physician had foreseen the possible complications that could arise from the injuries but insisted that Jose’s waits until morning when the anesthetist would be available. Moreover, the physician did not inform Jose’s parents of the risks involved if the surgery was delayed. The parents could have opted for other options. Although the anesthetist who was not available, he wa s not on duty at the particular moment and was thus not

Conflict and culture Essay Example for Free

Conflict and culture Essay Conflict is an integral part of human culture. When a number of people of interact with their own individual perspectives, view points, ideologies, cultural and social backgrounds and intellectual development then differences and debates are bound to arise as a logical and inevitable consequence of the interaction (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). These differences, acted upon by incompatible interests of attaining personal goals, change into conflict within groups, societies and nations. (Rahim, 2001,1) The greater the diversity and richer the profile of a society, the greater is the scope and range of its embedded conflict. Therefore it is essential to educate people on understanding and handling conflict and treat as an integral component of a democratic society that is important for developing a healthy social life (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). In every conflict, whether it is individual or at social scale, culture has always an important role to play. Depending upon the actors involved and the context of conflict, the role of culture in conflict can be direct or subtle, but it is always present as the ultimate factor in deciding the scope of conflict, its direction or its outcome. Culture even decides the existence of conflict, for people who are embedded in the culture of seeing world as a harmonious entity, may not be aware of any conflict through their life. In all the major disputes, debates and disagreement taking place around world, differences in cultural identities and perceptions are fundamental causative factors. A further evidence of the role that culture plays is evinced by peace and harmony existing among societies that have same culture, such as observed between USA and Britain, sharing same historical and cultural roots. Every conflict, whether it is trans-generational, geographical, religious, organizational, or personal, has a cultural component involved. People enshrined in their own culture often react with hostility against any cultural identity that appears contrary to their thought process and ideas. It follows therefore that any effort of conflict resolution needs to incorporate cultural understanding and acknowledge the existence and necessity of diversity (ibid).

The Entertainment Value of a Buffy the Vampire Episode :: Buffy Vampire Slayer Essays

In this essay I ultimately want to address the musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "Once More with Feeling" (season 6, episode 7). However, I do not want to look at this episode in isolation from the remainder of the Buffy franchise but rather argue that it exemplifies a certain entertainment strategy that courses through the Buffyverse. Now it seems to me that entertainment is either too often denigrated as a specific ideological formation that produces negative effects of audience passivity as against more overtly challenging texts, or, alternatively, entertainment is celebrated within a postmodern theoretical framework that views the multiplicity of pleasures afforded as inherently productive and even oppositional. Alternatively I want to concentrate on entertainment for entertainment's sake which is to say as a dialectical operation that in Fredric Jameson's terms intermingles wish fulfilment and repression by arousing radical fantasies in order to contain them (Jameson, 1990: 25). In order to analyse this mechanism I will concentrate less on consumers and ideology (that assumes unilateral transmission) and more on fans and affect (that inscribes a dialectical procedure into reception). What seems to me to be of specific interest therefore is the manner in which Joss Whedon, Marti Noxon and the other writers/directors working on Buffy for Twentieth Century Fox target affect and fans by constructing scenarios that feed into and exceed audience expectation. I will argue that his formula culminates in the episode "Once More With Feeling" that ventures beyond Jameson's dialectical formula in that it appears to wilfully play with wish fulfilment/invocation that both figuratively and literally run the risk of arousing utopian fantasies that cannot be contained. Before turning to the musical episode in particular I believe our exposition would benefit from a brief survey of critical approaches to the Buffyverse. The critical material on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in print at least (see here the Slayage online journal), is expanding but currently somewhat limited. However, as a general rule two tendencies emerge. The first is to treat some self-contained aspect of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as an ideological work. Such analyses concentrate upon the encoded more or less implicitly pre-determined messages that the text transmits. Certainly some ideological responses are definitely triggered by Buffy and I will briefly make reference to two critical examples. Brian Wall and Michael Zyrd adopt a Marxist master frame of analysis to determine the world historical content of Buffy.

How is childhood presented in Games at Twilight Essay

There are many similarities between the ways that childhood is presented in these two short stories. When acting as a group, the children are frequently portrayed as cruel and aggressive. In ‘The Red Ball’ the young boy is given a variety of cruel names by other children due to his thin frame, for example ‘Thinny Boney’ and ‘Match-stick foot’. This shows the brutal honesty of children of a young age. In ‘Games at Twilight’ the children are rough and belligerent, shown by ‘the shoves became harder’ and the frequent quarrelling of the children over who will be It in their game of hide and seek. In ‘Games at Twilight’ the children are frequently shown in an animalistic light. The author’s use of vocabulary reveals this, for example ‘wild’, ‘maniacal’, and ‘snarling’. Words such as ‘prey’, ‘stalked’ and ‘pounded’ relate to hunting in the animal kingdom, and therefore reinforce the author’s portrayal of children as animalistic. In ‘The Red Ball’ Bolan is said to have ‘waited like a small animal’, so children are again compared to animals. The fact that the children in both stories play their games in large groups could represent the packs that animals exist in in the wild. By using animalistic images the authors are able to reinforce their portrayal of children as cruel and aggressive. Childish games seem to hold great significance to the children in both stories. In ‘Games at Twilight’ the author says that the children are desperate to start their business – ‘the business of the children’s day which is – play’. By making the children in the story so dependent on games the author suggests that the children have basic, immature values, since play is not an adult business. In ‘The Red Ball’ games also hold a great significance for the children – it is Bolan’s ability to play cricket well that gains him acceptance amongst the other children. It is obvious that friendships are built when games are participated in, as Bolan steals money from his parents to buy a red cricket ball in order to be more highly thought of by his friends. It is interesting to see that the games in both of the stories are carried out outdoors. In ‘The Red Ball’ the author writes ‘the boys played cricket until the fireflies came out’. In ‘Games at Twilight’ Raghu is described as ‘crashing and storming in the hedge wilder’. Thus the children in both stories are more closely linked to nature, reinforcing the authors’ portrayal of them as animals. In both stories the main characters are portrayed as outcasts. In ‘The Red Ball’ the young boy watches other children play cricket from the outskirts of the park, and in ‘Games at Twilight’ young Ravi hides alone, only to find that the other children have ‘quite forgotten him’. The difference between the stories is that the young boy in ‘The Red Ball’ is eventually accepted by his peers and revered by them – he becomes their ‘star’ bowler and therefore essential for their game. In ‘Games at Twilight’ we are led to believe that Ravi will eventually be accepted by the other children for winning the game of hide and seek – ‘he †¦ smiled to himself †¦ at the thought of so much victory’. However Ravi never achieves such victory as the other children forget about him – ‘having disappeared from the scene, he had disappeared from their minds. Clean.’ By using such a short sentence, ‘clean’, the author is stressing the fact that Ravi was forgotten by his peers, and therefore emphasises his insignificance to the other children; he is bottom of the pecking order. In ‘Games at Twilight’ young Ravi is portrayed as rather unintelligent and cowardly. He is frequently described as fearful – ‘Ravi shook †¦ with fear’. His desperation to be accepted by his siblings shows that he is not highly thought of, and is also somewhat pathetic. Thinking that he will win the childish game of hide and seek he thinks that ‘nothing more wonderful had ever happened to him’. His unimportance is confirmed in the final sentence of the story – ‘he lay down full length on the damp grass †¦ silenced by a terrible sense of his insignificance’. In ‘The Red Ball’ Bolan is portrayed as a somewhat more intelligent, wise individual. He is capable enough to understand that by replying when he is called offensive names by the other children, he will be labelled with those names. He is also able to comprehend more difficult family situations, and shows perception and intelligence when the author writes – ‘it was one of those moments when he felt as if he had held his mother in front of him as a sort of shield to save himself from a rain of blows’. In conclusion, the presentation of childhood in the two short stories, ‘Games at Twilight’ and ‘The Red Ball’ varies. The main characters, when alone, are portrayed as more innocent individuals, whereas when in larger groups, the children seem to be more cruel and hostile. ‘Games at Twilight’ offers the less favourable impression of children overall, frequently incorporating animalistic images into the story to describe the children.

People as a huge asset Essay

1.1INTRODUCTION Organisations are made up of people and people are a huge asset to any organization. To be more successful in achieving their goal and objectives; organisations needs to have an understanding about their human assets, their behavior, tendencies, best practice etc..† Leadership is the ability of one person to influence a group of persons toward the achievement of common goals† (Yukl, 1994). Influencing others means that leaders must have an understanding about their behavior, which can only happen when they themselves understand their values, assumptions, beliefs and expectations. Understanding oneself means one must carry out self-assessment/evaluation as this is very important for leaders today. I will be carrying out an assessment about the benefit of self -assessment/evaluation to leaders today and the importance of understanding human behavior in oraganisations. 1.2 DEFINITION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior is the way people behave and which can be influence by culture, emotions, attitudes, values, ethics, genetic etc.. Depending on the society and environment, human behavior can either be common, usual, acceptable or unacceptable. Human behavior can either be learnt as we relate to our environment; for example, tying your shoes is a learned behavior or it can be innate which can be inherited through genes. 1.3THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR TO AN ORGANIZATION Organisations depend on the behavior of both individual and teams to achieve their goals and objectives; as such it is very critical for organisations to have thorough understanding of human behavior. Understanding human behavior is a  key to organisational success. Human behavior defines how people work together and relate with one another. Communication being the cornerstone of behavior can only be effective when people understand one another. Interpersonal conflict can be reduced in an organisation once there’s an understanding of human behavior. Behavior can influence negatively on the achievement of an organization’s goals and objectives if not manage well; will lead to poor output and failure. Organisations need to plan their training programme, understanding the behavior of its employees will inform the planning process, thereby ensuring that training needs are effectively met. An effective understanding of the diverse behavior of personnel is important. Evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they became less concerned about differences if they see themselves as sharing more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity† (Stephen P Robbins & Timothy A Judge, Organizational Behavior -15th Editions) A co-operative team that knows how to work with one another can produce better result than those who have problems relating to one another. 1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY LEADERS Organisations need strong leadership to achieve its goals and objectives. An organisation is only as successful as its leadership. Leadership is the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Individuals or group can only be influence when there’s an understanding of their behavior. Business necessity, enlightenment about differences and moral fortitude have combine to push organisations into hiring a diverse set of employees, as a result managing this diversity has proven to be a challenge to leaders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Leaders can effectively manage this challenge through understanding this diversity. A leader who fails to understand his followers thereby focusing at a very superficial level by commanding others to do their will; is at the bottom of the leadership level. Deeper understanding provides more options, give one more potential tools, and frankly, makes one a powerful leader (Stephen P Robbins & Timothy A Judge, Organizational Behav ior -15th Editions). This is a trait of level 5 leadership. â€Å"Understanding the behavior of followers will assist leaders in putting together teams to manage projects and it will also assist in  assigning task to employees in a way that will put to efficient use each member’s strength rather than their weakness â€Å" (www.employment-testing.com) Attempting to influencing individuals without understanding why they behave the way they do, might yield random or unpredictable effect and this will lead to leaders being unsuccessful as followers will be alienated; whereas understanding the personalities of subordinates and superiors informs leaders as to others expectations and provides insights into motivation, competitiveness and interpersonal relationships and communication. 1.5 LEADERSHIP SELF-EVALUATION/SELF-ASSESSMENT As leaders the ability to influence people has to be continuously improved; and the first step in achieving that will be by knowing yourself and gaining understanding of your leadership style, skills, traits, competencies, abilities, personality type and experience. According to Kevin Sharer of AMGEN CEO and president, â€Å"Leadership has many voices. You need to be who you are, not to emulate someone else.† An apt statement as leaders has the responsibility of influencing others in the achievement of goals and objectives; an achievement that will be almost impossible to attain when followers lacks faith in their leader. People normally have faith in authentic leaders as they are leaders who not only know what they believe in and value but also act on that values and beliefs candidly and openly. Most leaders are unaware of the effect their emotional intelligence has on their superiors and subordinates, many a time we blame negative outcome to those around us, all the time bei ng totally blind to the fact that our personality might have had effect on others action. â€Å"Those who use the emotional intelligence framework to guide their thoughts and actions may find it easier to create trust in relationship, harness energy under pressure, and sharpen their ability to make sound decisions-in other words, they increase their potential for success in the workplace†(Jones and Bartlett learning PTT) only by carrying out self-assessment/evaluation will you be able to understand your emotional intelligence and other traits. As leaders one should know what their strength and weaknesses as this will enable them build on their strength and march it to their leadership opportunities, it will also assist in the development of their weaknesses and allows for the  elimination of threats to leadership. 1.6 THE BENEFITS OF SELF- ASSESSMENT/SELF-EVALUATION TO LEADERS TODAY. Most of the benefits of self-assessment have already been discuss above, however some benefits are; A.Develop Emotional Intelligence When taking time to self-reflect you are looking inwards. Self-awareness gives you the ability the ability to understand your emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and goals, and recognize their impact on others you are leading. Being self-aware will aid you in controlling or redirecting your disruptive emotions and impulses and adapt to changing circumstances. Building these emotional intelligence components will improve your leadership. B. ASSISTS IN BECOMING EFFECTIVE LEADER Authentic leaders are clear on their core values, and this will help to strengthen leadership integrity and lead you to better decisions. Understanding your core values will build followers trust in you as a leader and this will make decision making easier as our integrity is often put to the test during stressful and difficult times. C. BUILD SELF-CONFIDENCE Confidence is crucial for leaders. It helps in effective communications, decision making, and influence building. People will see you as you see yourself, being aware of your strength as leader will build self-confidence and this will increase team effectiveness.

Free Essays on Its Forever

He said I would stay forever. Forever wouldn’t be very long. I promised it wouldn’t be very long. The room was bleak but for a single light fixture on the farthest corner. It’s pale light illuminating only a small section, leaving everything else in murk. Fingers of shadow clawed silently around the room, a bare wooden tomb with only a small tattered sofa and two chairs to show any sign of occupancy. Cold. Dank. The strong stale stench of mold and urine claimed the air. The flickering of the light swept through the rotted, cracked floor, trailing away into the abyss. Dead, until the silence was broken by a sudden creak and a shrill loud enough to shatter glass. A man paced across the floor, clenching and unclenching his fists, his gruff face veiled in hate, and his eyes fired with that infamous dark and intense gaze that conveyed his authority and power. â€Å"You stupid child! I will show you to obey me!† he bit out. â€Å"NO! Please. Dad, don’t hit me. I’m sorry. Please, don’t,† a small boy pleaded, in a strangled whisper, his lips trembling with every word, and his body stiff with dread. The sound of slapping and punching echoed in the room- fist meeting flesh, until with every hit the murderous rage slowly subsided into nothing more than fatigue. His father callously turned on his heel and walked away, leaving the young child huddled in a corner along with nothing more than roaches to take pity upon him. The boy sat up, wincing with every move; he spit out the salty taste that filled his mouth. Blood was nothing new. Beaten and bruised, he slowly rose, glaring at his attacker’s sweat-stained T-shirt, all the while thinking that one day, he silently promised, one day†¦. II The falling of the leaves marked yet another passing year. The frigid wind whispered death across the treetops, loosening the multicolored leaflets; cascades of red and orange raining down like fire across the earth. Once again, it... Free Essays on It's Forever Free Essays on It's Forever He said I would stay forever. Forever wouldn’t be very long. I promised it wouldn’t be very long. The room was bleak but for a single light fixture on the farthest corner. It’s pale light illuminating only a small section, leaving everything else in murk. Fingers of shadow clawed silently around the room, a bare wooden tomb with only a small tattered sofa and two chairs to show any sign of occupancy. Cold. Dank. The strong stale stench of mold and urine claimed the air. The flickering of the light swept through the rotted, cracked floor, trailing away into the abyss. Dead, until the silence was broken by a sudden creak and a shrill loud enough to shatter glass. A man paced across the floor, clenching and unclenching his fists, his gruff face veiled in hate, and his eyes fired with that infamous dark and intense gaze that conveyed his authority and power. â€Å"You stupid child! I will show you to obey me!† he bit out. â€Å"NO! Please. Dad, don’t hit me. I’m sorry. Please, don’t,† a small boy pleaded, in a strangled whisper, his lips trembling with every word, and his body stiff with dread. The sound of slapping and punching echoed in the room- fist meeting flesh, until with every hit the murderous rage slowly subsided into nothing more than fatigue. His father callously turned on his heel and walked away, leaving the young child huddled in a corner along with nothing more than roaches to take pity upon him. The boy sat up, wincing with every move; he spit out the salty taste that filled his mouth. Blood was nothing new. Beaten and bruised, he slowly rose, glaring at his attacker’s sweat-stained T-shirt, all the while thinking that one day, he silently promised, one day†¦. II The falling of the leaves marked yet another passing year. The frigid wind whispered death across the treetops, loosening the multicolored leaflets; cascades of red and orange raining down like fire across the earth. Once again, it...

Head Start essays

Head Start essays The highest rates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are found in low-income welfare families. The Head Start program is for the continued enhancement of services for poor children ages zero to five, and their families. The parents of the children in the Head Start program are rarely examined. Head Start instead focuses on the academic performance of the involved children. The article, Preventing Conduct Problems in Head Start Children: Strengthening Parenting Competencies in The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology decides to take a different approach. Instead of singling out the child and holding only the child responsible for their social and academic behavior, they put the responsibility on the family, the school as well as the child. Nine centers were chosen from within one large urban Head Start district (representing six school districts) on the basis of their similarity in terms of ethnic minority percentages, teachers qualifications, family service workers qualifications and education, number of classrooms, number of children, children's enrollment age, and length of Head Start class (4 hr per day). Another factor was their willingness to participate in the study and to be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (PARTNERS), which is supposed to be an early prevention group to prevent the development of ODD and CD in young children. Or being randomly assigned to the CONTROL group (Head Starts regular curriculum). The Nine Head Start centers were randomly assigned to either groups. This is a plus because the whole center, not just a few classes in the center, is involved in the chosen program. Also, the centers didnt debate on which program that theyd like to participate in. There were more families in the experimental group than in the control group. The Partners or Control program is the indepe...

Text and Driving Stop Doing That. For Real.

Text and Driving Stop Doing That. For Real. This weekend I participated in a workshop in Soft Addictions. I expected to focus most of my energy on my sugar addiction, which has been a struggle for me for as long as I can remember. While I did spend some time and energy examining that habit, a different addiction came to the foreground as the weekend progressed: Texting While Driving In the workshop, we were divided into groups of six. When I admitted to them that I texted while driving, one of my group members looked at me with a heartfelt gaze and said, â€Å"Stop doing that. For real.† Later in the weekend, I found out that he texts while driving too- as did every one of the six people in my group. According to the NHTSA, if you’re traveling at 55mph and take your attention away from the road for 5 seconds (the minimum amount of time it takes to check your phone), you will travel the length of a football field without looking at the road! Texting while driving makes a crash up to 23 times more likely. In comparison, dialing makes a crash 2.8 times more likely and talking or listening makes a crash 1.3 times more likely. And while 34% of American drivers say they have texted while driving, I’m sure the number is much higher. In my workshop this weekend, at least two out of 35 participants had been in car crashes which were their fault and had resulted from their texting while driving. And at least one of them did not stop the habit. I started to get real about my own addiction to texting while driving and the true level of risk I’m taking every time I do it. And when it was time to choose one of our addictions and write a â€Å"Dear John† letter to the addiction bidding it farewell, I chose texting while driving as my target. Here’s the poem: Texting while driving, you kept me connected. I’m addicted to you. It’s like I’m infected. Despite all the stories of death and of gore, My phone seems to call to me†¦ LOOK AT ME MORE!! Well, starting right now, I choose to connect To my learning brain rather than gadgets electric. I’ve got options – like language CDs. Books on tape. That message that dinged me? It simply can wait. I yearn to connect†¦ but for that I must LIVE. And texting while driving? You’ve just gotta give.    Brenda Bernstein, November 14, 2014 On the way home from the workshop, I called a friend before starting to drive. When I hung up the phone, I saw that I had emails and messages I could read if I wanted to. I noted my impulse to pull down the menu that would allow me to read my emails, and, instead of checking the messages, checked the impulse. It felt scary and good. If you are a fellow driver while texting, please take a good look at what you’re putting at risk: not just your own life, but the lives of the drivers and passengers around you. Especially as the holidays are approaching- a time when many of us will be driving to see family and friends- let’s make a commitment to kick one of our most dangerous addictions, and DRIVE SAFE. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinNovember 17, 2014 3 Comments Scott says: November 17, 2014 at 8:57 pm I have seen this problem from two angles. My friend has a very busy life. Every time I ride as the front seat passenger with her! she is reading email or phone messages. Every single time! Its like they are driving blindfolded, I worry about a serious accident every time that I drive with them. She does it less because they know I will comment about it constantly. I have almost had first hand experience with texting and driving. Two years ago, I was almost rear ended when reading a text on Monona Drive at a stop light when the red changed to green. The car changed lanes and clipped by at fast rate of spend. Just like reading a book and driving would be stupid, this is equally dumb. Log in to Reply J. R. Hollingsworth says: November 18, 2014 at 8:37 am Texting while driving is not at all dangerous, if the passenger does it. Tell your friend that you will insist on your driving if she is texting, and be prepared to get out to make your point. Attorneys in accident cases love to discover that the opposing driver was texting nuff said. The real test is whether you have a smart phone, or it has you the same with any addiction. Log in to Reply Omar says: November 18, 2014 at 11:19 am Brenda, Thanks for sharing this. This is a really important issue, and I now find myself checking the impulse to look at my phone. If I cant let it go, Ill have to wait till the next exit to pull over. Thanks again, Omar Log in to Reply

ASSIGNMENT - List relevant regulations for information security in an

- List relevant regulations for information security in an industry segment of your choice. Healthcare (HIPPA) - Assignment Example Innovation can generally be defined as changing or creating more effective and efficient processes, products and ideas that increase the likelihood of business succeeding. For the business, innovation could mean implementing new ideas, creation of more dynamic products and improving the already existing products. Businesses that employ technology create more effective and efficient work processes and have better performance and productivity (Brotby, 2009). Technology can catalyze the growth and success of the business and enable the adaptation of business in the marketplace. For a business to compete strongly in the market, the ability to come up with new strategies, products or even services play an important role in ensuring that the business forge onwards. This creativity is usually deemed to produce products of higher quality, smarter and more enticing to the clients (Cuff, 2014). In this study, however, we discuss the impact of technology as far as regulation for information security is concerned. In the healthcare security, technology has an undisputable crucial role to play, otherwise known as the Electronic protected health information (ePHI). However, ePHI is run by the HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), which specifically focuses on safeguarding it (Khansa, Cook, James & Bruyaka, 2012). All the entities covered by the HIPAA, which includes a number of federal agencies must comply with the security regulation; which primarily deals with the safeguarding of the confidentially, integrity and the presence of ePHI as outlined in the security rule or regulation. Some of the regulations covered by the HIPAA for information security are outlined below (Khansa, Cook, James & Bruyaka, 2012). The first one is the security standards or the general rules. This is an explanation of all the requirements

JP Morgan chase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JP Morgan chase - Essay Example fically concerned with safeguarding against fraud, maintaining fair dealing, and encouraging the revealing of significant market associated information. These agencies also prohibit the buying of stock shares with limited finances to pay for them (Seligman, 2003). In addition, the administrative agencies instigate supervision and registration of stockbrokers and securities markets, prohibits unfair utilization of private information in stock sales, and establishes regulations against proxies. In addition, the administration agencies require that organizations providing securities make complete public revelation of all appropriate information. For instance, the commissioners and chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission are charged with the responsibility for making sure that investment corporations, dealers or brokers in securities, publicly owned companies, and other parties in the securities and banking sectors conform to federal securities law. These laws are meant to assist the public investors make knowledgeable investment decisions and analysis by guaranteeing proper revelation of material details. In addition, an administrative agency, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission is solely interested with ensuring that the prospectus documents and registration statement have the details indispensable for probable investors to make adequate decisions. These agencies also have the power to instigate legal sentences against banks or companies if th e materials have outright falsehoods, solemn omissions, or misleading information (Capatides, 1992). An offer may be written or oral as long as the law does not need it to be written. An offer is the recognized overt act or expression which initiates the contract. A contract is compelled to have a proposal by one of the participants and should be accepted by another. It is what is offered to a different person for the give back of that individual’s assurance to act (Barnett,  2003). The offer

Alexander the Great and his conquest of Egypt and Persia Essay

Alexander the Great and his conquest of Egypt and Persia - Essay Example He was a principled hero with courageous acts, a virtuous politician, and flawless tactician who always termed himself as being Zeus son. He deserved the title because by the age of thirty, he had captured what was by the time termed as world, which was an accomplishment worth labelling as great where he still merits the title since he is still admired and remembered today for his seize of Persia and the diffusion of Greek culture all over his conquered nations. He was a great victor who in only thirteen years he was able to amass the largest empire in the entire ancient world that covered 3000 miles. Alexander did all this besides the benefits of modern technology and weapons because troop movement were primarily on foot and communication was face to face and this was an achievement made by a kid who became a king of Macedon at the age of twenty. As an honored prince, he received the top quality education in Macedonian court under his famous tutor Aristotle (Marsico 18), and at the age of 20 he was already a charismatic decisive king. Many of Alexander’s accomplishment were made possible by his father who succeeded in doing what years of fighting in Greek city-states had not done by invading and conquering the Greek and thus united the Greece. His next goal was to defeat the Greece’s enemy to the Persia but was assassinated before he pursued the goal and upon taking the thrown Alexander vowed to complete the plans of his father (Abbott 36). The self-confident young king had just defeated the Greek city of Thebes that had rebelled against him after the demise of his father, though he was convinced that if he could defeat the Thebes then he would as well defeat the Persia. He had a belief that if he achieves the conquest he and his father Philip had fancied about, the entire of Asia Minor would be open to him owing to his conquest; thus, the battle of Gracias began one of the greatest overthrows in history (Burgan 10). Alexander quickly controlled the Macedonian armies that his father’s initiated changes had made it to become the leading military authority in the area and led a majestic army across the Hellespont in Asia with some 4300 infantry and 5500 cavalry that was the most powerful military expedition ever to leave Greece. Alexander decided not to first attack Persia but capture Egypt who is ruled by Persia at that time where he stayed with his army for six months and he had to betray his culture and custom as a way of earning respect. Fortunately, the Egyptians hated the Persians for owning little attention and honor for their customs and culture but Alexander had some respect and was honored greatly and saluted him as their savior and liberator thus they appointed him as their pharaoh (Goldschmidt 31). The conquest of Egypt occurred in 332 BCE when Alexander treated Egyptician culture with respect and offered sacrifices making him a true pharaoh. He created the port city of Alexandria which grew into a cosmopol itan center of power and culture that joined the Egypticians economically with the Mediterranean world. Alexander was able to conquer Egypt and founded the city named Alexandria, which became a cosmopolitan, diverse, bustling center of trade, the arts and ideas city (David 42). Possessed with a resolve to rule the world, Alexander pursued the goal to capture north, through the Syria and Mesopotamia winning over the land of Phoenicia effortlessly with

Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example Such a simplistic definition is not so all-encompassing as the true definition of the word; however, it helps provide the reader with a baseline of pre-conceived notions regarding the scope of understanding associated with entrepreneurship. As compared to a host of other types of jobs accessible to people, being an entrepreneur is unique in that it requires an individual with a host of natural, learned, and inborn talents to compete successfully in hostile marketplace. As such, the successful entrepreneur must embody self-discipline, timeliness, attention to detail, readiness to risk, calmness, and self sacrifice, just to name a few. Furthermore, it is incumbent on most entrepreneurs to be responsible for nearly every aspect of business management in the beginning stages of business start-up. As a result, the burdens associated with accounting, cash flow, marketing, support, product development, and market entry and expansion can often be too heavy a burden to bear for a single indiv idual, which often leads to eventual withdrawal of a business from the market before any recognizable profit potential is generated. Accordingly, the most dangerous stage of entrepreneurship is the uncertain outset, when cash flow has not been established, personnel have not been hired, and the kinds of product/service supply and demand have not yet been fully differentiated. However, although this analysis has briefly acquainted the reader with a very simplistic definition of entrepreneurship, the complicated paths, directions, and decisions associated with entrepreneurship are infinitely more complex than can be implied by a cursory definition of the term. For instance, one of the primary needs that an entrepreneur must address is which direction he/she wishes to take his/her growing firm in the future. Business owners or would-be business owners are often acutely aware that they wish to run their own business but often less aware of which form that business will take in order to generate profits and provide them stable employment. For instance, would-be entrepreneurs are often acutely unaware if they wish to pursue sole proprietorships, general partnerships, limited partnerships, regular corporations, S corporations, non-profit corporations, professional corporations, limited liability corporations, professional limited liability corporations, or partnership limited liability corporations. Each of these forms of incorporation has varying advantages and drawbacks; accordingly, each will be determined based on the type of business one is engaged in, how many overall partners may eventually be included, the size and scope of the business in its ideal form, as well as the amount of money the business is expected to generate in 1, 5, and 10 years time. On the overall level of difficulty, sole proprietorships are often the easiest to create and maintain. Because the business and the owner are essentially the same entity, decision-making comes down to a single per son without the need to consult boards, chairpersons, or shareholders (Freeman, 2007). Additionally, sole proprietorships also offer a degree of cost savings due to the fact that there are no fees associated with the creation of the business entity. However, the main disadvantage of this type of business is that the owner is directly and personally responsible for any losses, legal issues, and/or judgments. A second major drawback is the

Substance Dualism - argument rehersal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substance Dualism - argument rehersal - Essay Example Let us begin with me. I can conceive myself without my left hand. In case my left hand is cut off in an accident, I would still be who I am. It’s true that I’ll be handicapped, but that won’t mean I’ll cease to exist. Let’s take another situation. Let me just think I am dead. How will my loved ones react then? It is very much possible for me to conceive the situation. They will feel sad; some will cry. Now since I am conceiving these thoughts by myself only, I can exist without a body, for it’s conceivable I can be without a body. Let me now run a thought experiment to back this claim. Suppose I try to conceive my existence by separating myself from my body. In other words, I being a thinking thing envision my body sitting on a chair in front of the computer. The entire process of this thought experiment, it may be noted, is conducted on a metaphysical level aligned with the premises of conceivability. The substance dualist argument is based on three premises: It is now important to connect my thought experiment with these premises. The fact that I succeed in conceiving myself out of my body supports the second premise in that what I can conceive is also possible, because conceivability is a good guide to possibility. In other words, it is my mind that conceives what it conceives, and it can conceive successfully all the possibilities given that the laws of essential properties are not flouted. What do essential properties mean in relation to the substance dualism theory? To understand this, we should make another thought experiment. Suppose I strive to conceive of a set of parallel lines overlapping with each other. This is not possible even to think. The essential property of parallel lines does not in any way comply with the property of overlapping. I can imagine either the existence of a set of parallel lines or that of two straight lines overlapping with each other, but not both within a single reference

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example Furthermore, the different levels of art form as a function of the influences that spurred such levels of development will be manifested through this analysis. The first such piece of art that will be discussed is the Heron Class Olla (c. 750 BCE) pictured first in Appendix to this assignment. This particular urn was used as a funerary vessel in which the ashes of the deceased would be placed. Contextually, this piece will also be the oldest which this analysis will consider; therefore, it represents Greek antiquity in a way that the other art pieces do not (Osbourne 278). This geometric period, of which this particular art piece is representative, was a time of cultural and political upheaval. Due to the fact that Mycenae had recently disintegrated, many elements of writing, masonry, as well as distinct elements of reading and writing were all but forgotten. Such a political upheaval meant that the representative art forms of this time would likely be highly simplistic in both desig n and function. This is evidenced in the fact that smooth lines and simple construction typifies this particular piece. Similarly, it should be noted that the art form that is exhibited in the form of birds is also highly simplistic and not indicative of a high degree of professionalism. Additionally, the function over form aspect of this particular piece is striking (Carpenter 81). Whereas later pieces exhibited variance in the way that the handles were created, formed, and utilized, this particular piece utilizes its handles in the most simplistic of ways. The handles are provided to the user at the area of greatest circumference due to the fact that this is the region that is most amenable to carrying the urn. In this way, the function over form aspects of this particular preliminary art form is duly exhibited. Likewise, as one might expect, such a preliminary art form did not handle as many motifs and various nuances that one has oftentimes come to expect within Greek pottery pa inting. At least in this case, this is a result of the fact that the art form was not highly developed and/or function took a primary position to form at such an early juncture. The secondary piece of artwork that this author has chosen to examine is that of Orientalizing Period - Skyphos (Drinking Vesel) c. 600 BCE. This vessel naturally represents the second distinct and recognizable phase of Greek pottery and art form in that the recognizable incorporation of previously â€Å"non-Greek† themes and motifs at first strikes the viewer as somewhat incongruous. Due to the fact that Greek trade and colonization within the Mediterranean had reached a new height during this period, the level of intercultural exchange as well as the introduction to new art forms, ways of thinking, new gods, and new trading partners served to highly vary the type and structure of Greek art form during this period. This cultural exchange can be specifically noted in the piece (referenced as exhibit 2 in the Appendix) by the fact that the pottery exhibits decidedly Assyrian and/or Egyptian influence with reference the displays which are etched into the pottery. Whereas the common interpretation of the Greek panoply is manifest in a host of different artistries, this incorporation of winged gods and goddesses is a definite departure from the traditional images of Zeus and

Substance Dualism - argument rehersal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substance Dualism - argument rehersal - Essay Example Let us begin with me. I can conceive myself without my left hand. In case my left hand is cut off in an accident, I would still be who I am. It’s true that I’ll be handicapped, but that won’t mean I’ll cease to exist. Let’s take another situation. Let me just think I am dead. How will my loved ones react then? It is very much possible for me to conceive the situation. They will feel sad; some will cry. Now since I am conceiving these thoughts by myself only, I can exist without a body, for it’s conceivable I can be without a body. Let me now run a thought experiment to back this claim. Suppose I try to conceive my existence by separating myself from my body. In other words, I being a thinking thing envision my body sitting on a chair in front of the computer. The entire process of this thought experiment, it may be noted, is conducted on a metaphysical level aligned with the premises of conceivability. The substance dualist argument is based on three premises: It is now important to connect my thought experiment with these premises. The fact that I succeed in conceiving myself out of my body supports the second premise in that what I can conceive is also possible, because conceivability is a good guide to possibility. In other words, it is my mind that conceives what it conceives, and it can conceive successfully all the possibilities given that the laws of essential properties are not flouted. What do essential properties mean in relation to the substance dualism theory? To understand this, we should make another thought experiment. Suppose I strive to conceive of a set of parallel lines overlapping with each other. This is not possible even to think. The essential property of parallel lines does not in any way comply with the property of overlapping. I can imagine either the existence of a set of parallel lines or that of two straight lines overlapping with each other, but not both within a single reference

Team project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team project - Essay Example Executive members receive a reward of up to two percent reward on Costco purchases per year.( Costco.com) Company vision as put forward by its founder, Jim Sinegal, is to â€Å"give the customer the best value we can†. His strategic vision is to give customers the best value and at the right price. He stressed the importance of treating people right and with respect. It works under the philosophy of â€Å"To keep costs down and pass savings to customers.† (costco.com) Costco sells automotive supplies, sporting goods, hardware, apparels, jewelry, toys, electronic goods and health aids. Away from the usual business activities, COSTO offers technical and non technical services based on different forte such as travel operations to financial investments. Other services of COSTCO includes COSTCO Photo Center, COSTCO Travel, Food Service and Shopping. In 2010, the company branched out to publishing, and has started to publish books and calendars. (Success Story. 2015) Costco does not raise prices because it believes it will be its downfall. In order to offer lower prices than competitors, it adopted a mark-up price of only 15 percent which is much lower than department stores. Department stores, according to Bond, Ronald, 2015,has a mark-up of 50 percent. Costco keeps its price down because they sell in bulk so that a cost of operation is down. Costco distribute its products through its international warehouse designed buildings located at various global sites. Costco has 672 warehouses in various regions, majority of which are in America. Few are located in Asia, such as there are 20 COSTCO warehouse stores in Japan, 11 in South Korea, 10 in Taiwan and 7 in Australia. It has also opened an internet website to keep abreast with competition, with free shipping and discounts to members. It limits distribution of its products by carrying

Cherish the Childrens Thinking Essay Example for Free

Cherish the Childrens Thinking Essay Do you think teachers should cherish the children’ s thinking? Most people think the teachers should treasure the children’s thinking and give the children a space to think freely. It is important for children to cherish their chance to think freely, because they may lose the imagination when they grow up. If all people in the world do not have imagination, this world would not have some new technology products and this society won’t progress. This world needs to keep the pace of progress because no progress is backwards, for example the gasoline is less and less in the world, if scientists can’t create a new energy, then gasoline will disappear. So, this world need to progress by imagination and creativity. The teachers should train and treasure the children’s imagination in order to develop this world and keep progressing. Nowadays, most people have lost the ability of imagining because they had seen too many real things, for example they can’t believe there are some aliens in this world. However, the children believe that the aliens are real in the world because the children are naà ¯ve and willing to trust anything. Thus, teachers should cherish the children’s freedom to think and make their thinking positive in order to develop their own better, earn more academic knowledge and change their lives in the future. Firstly, in order to get a better development of children, the teacher should make children’s thinking more positive. Ho (2007) argues that the American education is not advanced, but it is better in other ways than other countries from the article called â€Å"We Should Cherish Our Children’s Freedom to Think†. (page112) He compares the education of him and his son and discovers they are very different. He had to memorize something about academic knowledge, for example the main cities in the world, lines for Hamlet and a number of math formulas. In contrast, his son studied everything by some experiences, for example he drew a map from his home to school and label every street and building he passed when he was six years old. (Ho, 2007, page112) He agrees this learning method because this kind of education can help the children develop their ideas and creativity. The children are the hope of world, so the teacher must use current and suitable methods to educate the children in order that children develop better. Secondly, if the teachers make students study in the process of playing games and answer the questions actively, the children will earn more academic knowledge. If the children’s ideas are accepted by their teachers and their teacher praise them, the children will keep their thinking and want to get more praise. In this case, the teachers should praise the positive ideas of the children and veto the negative thinking. Ho’s teachers answered the question and gave them a correct answer only when they asked, and he didn’t have a chance to make a decision in many cases. However, his son got a good laugh and an A grade from his teacher when he asked his teacher question and told his teacher his ideas. (Ho) And Ho’s son learned the knowledge of history through play the role. (Ho) Those are good ways to educate, b ecause this way can make the student more confidence, more interested in study and study more industriously. Thus, they will get more academic knowledge. Finally, the people will be able to change their life through some original ideas if they keep their imagination and creativity. Nowadays, this world needs more new products that can attract your eyeballs. If you have the abilities of imagination and creativity, you can change the world. For example Steve Jobs, who is a legend in the world, changed the whole world. Because of his ideas, he created many technology products called iPhone, iPod, iMac and so on. Those products all changed the habits of people, for example many people always put the iPhone in the hand and watch it. Thereforeï ¼Å'the people of the whole world are fond of his product designed by him. Then he had become a rich and excellent man. Thus, we should treasure the thinking of childrenï ¼Å'either kill the imagination in order that they can get a better life in t he future and change this world. In conclusion, American education can make children think freely. For example Ho’s son drew a map when he was six years ago. Special method that is to praise children and play the role can make children earn more knowledge. Keeping the children’s thinking may make them get better life and become a person who can change the world such as Jobs. I think most countries can change their system of education and the teacher should use other ways to educate children. They should respect the children’s ideas and do not kill their imagination and creativity in order that children develop better, earn more knowledge and change their lives and world.

Compare And Contrast On Characters Rayona And Pearl :: essays research papers

Compare and Contrast on Characters Rayona and Pearl Rayona and Pearl were two characters that were very alike in the stories. They are also somewhat different. They lived lives that were very troublesome. Rayona had to go through the tough times of her mother's sickness and the death of her brother. She lived away from most of it, but still had to live with it. Pearl had to go through the tough times of her mother Hester being charged with adultery, she also had to go through all of her trials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rayona and Pearl are similar in that they both went through the tough times of their mother's problems. Rayona lived with knowing her mother was very sick. Pearl had her mother's scarlet letter to live with. As children they didn't know who their fathers were, they were forced to guess. Rayona and Pearl were also similar because they both had a tough time getting along with the kids they had to go to school with. Neither of them were able to make friends very easily. Rayona's trouble was that she was part African American growing up in a Native American community. Pearl had trouble because of the fact that her mom committed adultery and the kids laugh at her. Both of the children were also social outcasts in their community. The community was different from them didn't accept them. Rayona and Pearl were also similar in another way. Through the tough times of their mothers they stood by their side and endured the same hardships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rayona and Pearl also have many differences. Rayona was of American Indian and Black decent while Pearl was of American decent. While Pearl had to live with her mother's troubles, Rayona lived away from them. There is a time when Pearl finds out her history and the things her mother went through. Rayona however never found out about her past or what her mother went through. Another difference between the two is that Rayona had a brother to grow up with and play with. Pearl only had her mother around the house. Rayona also had several people to look up to such as, Aunt Ida and Reverend Tom. Compare And Contrast On Characters Rayona And Pearl :: essays research papers Compare and Contrast on Characters Rayona and Pearl Rayona and Pearl were two characters that were very alike in the stories. They are also somewhat different. They lived lives that were very troublesome. Rayona had to go through the tough times of her mother's sickness and the death of her brother. She lived away from most of it, but still had to live with it. Pearl had to go through the tough times of her mother Hester being charged with adultery, she also had to go through all of her trials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rayona and Pearl are similar in that they both went through the tough times of their mother's problems. Rayona lived with knowing her mother was very sick. Pearl had her mother's scarlet letter to live with. As children they didn't know who their fathers were, they were forced to guess. Rayona and Pearl were also similar because they both had a tough time getting along with the kids they had to go to school with. Neither of them were able to make friends very easily. Rayona's trouble was that she was part African American growing up in a Native American community. Pearl had trouble because of the fact that her mom committed adultery and the kids laugh at her. Both of the children were also social outcasts in their community. The community was different from them didn't accept them. Rayona and Pearl were also similar in another way. Through the tough times of their mothers they stood by their side and endured the same hardships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rayona and Pearl also have many differences. Rayona was of American Indian and Black decent while Pearl was of American decent. While Pearl had to live with her mother's troubles, Rayona lived away from them. There is a time when Pearl finds out her history and the things her mother went through. Rayona however never found out about her past or what her mother went through. Another difference between the two is that Rayona had a brother to grow up with and play with. Pearl only had her mother around the house. Rayona also had several people to look up to such as, Aunt Ida and Reverend Tom.

Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Essay -- Harriet Jacobs

Harriet Jacobs wanted to tell her story, but knew she lacked the skills to write the story herself. She had learned to read while young and enslaved, but, at the time of her escape to the North in 1842, she was not a proficient writer. She worked at it, though, in part by writing letters that were published by the New York Tribune, and with the help of her friend, Amy Post. Her writing skills improved, and by 1858, she had finished the manuscript of her book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. L. Maria Child, a prominent white abolitionist, agreed to edit Jacob's book, although she apparently did little to alter the text except to rearrange some sections, suggest the removal of one chapter, and add material to another. In a letter to a friend, Child wrote, "I abridged, and struck out superfluous words sometimes; but I don't think I altered fifty words in the whole volume." The subject matter of the book -- sexual abuse of slave women -- was taboo in the mid-19th century, and Harriet had struggled over whether or not to expose herself so publicly. But she realized the significance of her story and so decided to go ahead, although she wrote under the psydonym, Linda Brent, and assigned fictitious names to everyone mentioned in the book. Child, too, was aware of the story's significance, writing in the book's introduction: "I am well aware that many will accuse me of indecorum for presenting these pages to the public; for the experiences of this intelligent and much-injured woman belong to a class which some call delicate subjects, and others indelicate. This peculiar phase of Slavery has generally been kept veiled; but the public ought to be made acquainted with its monstrous features, and I willingly take the respon... ...e program in African-American Studies. She is the author of several acclaimed books and editor of the Penguin Classics edition of the Narrative of Sojourner Truth. Through the war years, Harriet Jacobs lived in Washington, D.C., assisting contrabands, nursing black troops and teaching. After the war, she and her daughter did relief work in Savannah and Edenton. In 1868, they traveled to London to raise funds for an orphanage and home for the aged in Savannah. The year before her death in 1897, she was actively involved in organizing meetings of the National Association of Colored Women in Washington, D.C. She is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge. For nearly a century, the authorship of her book was questioned, but a new edition published in 1987 by Harvard University Press named Harriet Ann Jacobs as the true author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.

Key Question Biology Essay

1) Mg2+ Has 10 electrons. 2) Carbon -14 would not be effective at dating bones that are millions of years old. Carbon -14 is effective at dating to a maximum of 40 000 to 50 000 years old. The isotope decays over time and would not be present on bones that are millions of years old. 3) Hydrolysis – Water used to breakdown molecules. Hydro means water and lysis means to breakdown. An example of hydrolysis in action within our bodies is how our body breaks down protein into amino acids. Water is used to break protein down in to its amino acids. Condensation- Condensation is when two molecules combine and form one bigger molecule. It is exact opposite process of hydrolysis. It is also called dehydration synthesis because water is removed â€Å"dehydrated† in forming of new molecule. This reaction happens in our bodies when we form muscle tissue. Oxidization-Reduction (REDOX)- This reaction describes the process of transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. The gaining of electrons is known as reduction and losing electrons is called oxidization. It is usually referred to as REDOX (REDuction/OXidization). One example of redox within our bodies is during cellular respiration. Question 4 is a chemical equation representing this process. Neutralization – Involves acids and bases and producing water and a salt. Acids contain Hydrogen Ions and Bases contain Hydroxide Ions. The best example of neutralization in our bodies is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer. It contains acid and base and maintains our bloods Ph level. If our blood becomes acidic or basic this buffer neutralizes conditions. 4) C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O a) Carbon atoms in glucose are being oxidized b) Oxygen is being reduced Unit 1 Lesson 2 Key Questions 5)a) Carbohydrates monomer(s) is monosaccharide’s which are simple sugars.  The functional groups of carbohydrates are carbonyl and hydroxyl. The linkage type is a glycosidic bind. Carbohydrates primary function is to provide energy for the body. b)Proteins monomer(s) are called amino acids. The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body. c)Lipids monomer(s) are called fatty acid and glycerol. The functional group is called ester. The linkage type of lipids is non polar bonds or sometimes called ester bonds. The primary function of lipids is energy, hormone production and insulation of the body. D)Nucleic Acids monomer(s) are called nucleotide. The functional group is dna(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna(Ribonucleic acid). The linkage type is covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. The primary function of nucleic acid is to store and transfer genetic material. 6) Box on right illustrates the peptide bond resulting from the condensation of both the amino acids. The box on the left illustrates the separation of the hydroxide group from glycine and the hydrogen atom from valine. 7)a) You would do the Benedict’s reagent test for simple sugars and the Lugol’s solution or Iodine test for polysaccharides and starch. To test the lipids you would use the Sudan iV test and Biurets reagent test for protein. b) Benedict test the solution color will change from blue to pink/orange red, indicating simple sugars are present. Lugols test the solution color will change from yellowish brown to dark purple, indicating starch and polysaccharides are present. Sudan iV test the lipid content will turn into red, indicating lipids are present. Biuret test the solution colour will change from Blue to pink, indicating protein is present. UNIT 1 Lesson 3 Key Questions 8) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, without being consumed by the reactions themselves. For the reaction to occur, the reactions have to overcome the activation energy barrier. The enzymes work by lowering the activation energy. The two substrates are bounded and optimally positioned, the reaction can proceed to form or break chemical  bonds. You must mention the presence of successive collisions. 9)a) Enzymes work in very limited temperature and Ph range. If Ph is altered even slightly it can slow down or completely stop the enzymes action. It is a concept known as enzyme specificity. When pH of a particular medium changes, it leads to alteration in the shape of the enzyme or the substrate and if denaturation occurs the process stops completely. b) The relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of substrate depends on the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. The higher the substrate concentration the more quickly product is produced (rate of reaction increases) until enzyme saturation is reached at which time more substrate has no further effect. 10)Enzyme A the Optimal Ph seems to be Ph4 and Optimal Temperature seems to be 370 c. Enzyme B the optimal Ph seems to be Ph7 and the optimal temperature is a range between 40c -80oc. Enzyme C the optimal Ph seems to be a range between Ph1 and Ph 13 and the optimal temperature seems to be 200c. 11)Three benefits of enzymes in food technology are: Alternatives to chemical based technology, can replace chemicals in many processes. This can allow real advances in the environmental performance of production processes, through lower energy consumption and biodegradability. More specific in action than synthetic chemicals. Processes which use enzymes therefore has fewer side effects and waste byproducts, producing higher quality products. Allow processes to be carried out which would otherwise be impossible. Like changing colour of food products or allowing products to be clear like apple juice uses pectinase enzyme. Unit 1 Lesson 4 Key Questions 12) Mitochondria produce ATP or energy. Muscle cells contract and use energy at a rapid rate and require more ATP than a fat cell would require. Muscles are required for movement so each movement requires ATP and muscle cells in mammals also are sued to produce heat, also requiring more ATP. Fat cells are energy storage. 13)a) Diffusion does not require energy, Active Transport require energy or ATP. b)Diffusion goes from high to low concentration while active transport goes from low to high. 14)  Receptor-mediated endocytosis has receptor, and is specific, only certain specific molecules can enter. Phagocytosis surrounds its food without really knowing what it is, cell membrane engulfs large molecule with a vesicle. 15) Integral proteins allow polar molecules like water to pass through the non polar interior of the membrane. Cholesterol makes the membrane sturdy and more rigid than it would be without. 16)A) The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the movement of water in and out of a carrot-osmometer as a result of being placed in two different solutions: distilled water, and a 10% salt solution. B) Beaker A contained distilled water Whenever there is movement of water, it is from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. as there’s a fall in the water level in beaker B. This is because the cells of the carrot placed in beaker B have a lower water potential than the distilled water on the outside. So water molecules undergo osmosis from higher water potential to lower, from the outside water into the cells of carrot. This results in the fall in water level. 17) Salt water when used for rinsing mouth becomes hypertonic in relation to the fluid inside the cell of the gums that are swelled. As the fluid of two concentrations is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, osmosis starts to make a balance. In this process fluid comes out of the cells of the gums to make fluid in mouth isotonic to intracellular fluid. This helps reducing intracellular fluid and thus reducing the swelling of the gums.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor was an unpredicted military action by the Japanese navy against United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. It is the Hawaii Operation or Operation Z, as it was named by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, which main mission was to neutralize the United States Pacific Fleet from influencing the war that the Japanese was planning against Britain and Netherlands, and protecting their movement into Malaya and Dutch East Indies, in where Japan was seeking access to natural resources such as oil and rubber.The attack was composed of two aerial attack waves consisting of 353 aircraft that was launched from six Japanese aircraft carriers. Japanese have compromised 29 aircraft and 5 submarines, 65 servicemen killed or injured, and one was captured. The United States have lost 4 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, 188 aircraft, which might have been sank, destroyed, or damaged; and, 2,402 personnel killed and 1,282 wounded. The re were a lot of events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Both United States and Japan have a military expansion plans in the Pacific which causes tensions between the two countries during 1930s.Japan was expanding into Manchuria and trying to isolate China so to become independent in terms of natural resources to attain victory on the mainland. Since 1920s, a war between these two countries has been a big possibility which each nation had been aware of, hence they have their own contingency plans. But it did not sprout seriously until Japan’s invasion of Manchuria. In 1940, the United States reserved shipment of airplanes, parts, aviation tool and gasoline, which taken as a threat by the Japanese. The transfer of U. S.Pacific Fleet to its new base in Pearl Harbor was a threat to Japanese military and perceived it as the United States were preparing for the potential conflicts between two countries. The attack of the Japanese military to the United States resulted to a m ajor engagement into World War II. The attack took place before a formal declaration of war by the Japanese, it happened before the â€Å"14-Part Message† had been delivered to the State Department in Washington, D. C. The lack of any formal declaration prior to the attack in Pearl Harbor led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim â€Å"December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy†.The declaration of war was delivered late; U. S. Government received the information the day after the attack. The main objective of the attack was to destroy American fleet units to prevent them from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. It was also a part of a military action by the Japanese to buy time so to empower their position and increase their military strength. It’s their objective as well to demoralize the American which might help to discourage them from fighting and will lead them to victory in conquering Southeast Asia w ithout trouble.The Japanese military made the battleships as the main target with intentions of striking at morale, since if the attack have become successful; they were able to destroy prestigious battle ships of the United States. In early 1941, formal planning and training of people for the attack have begun under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Planning was on the way, pilots were trained with the equipment and intelligence that they have been adapted and collected. On the other hand, while the training was on progress, the actual approval of Emperor Hirohito has not gained yet.The final authorization and approval of the emperor was given until December 1. The United States Pacific bases were alerted on many occasions, as the war between two countries have expected by others. The United States officials have anticipated that the first target would be the Philippines because of the threats it possess to sea lanes to the south; they thought that Japan was not capable of attacking more t han one major naval operation at a time. They doubted that the Pearl Harbor would be the first main target.The Japanese military approaches in making en route to northwest of Hawaii, sending six aircraft carriers on November 26, 1941. The military departed Japan having the order of battle to launch their aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor. They prepared 408 aircraft for the two attacks as they have planned. The first wave of attacks was the main attack, containing weapons that will destroy high value ships such as battleships and aircraft carriers. The Japanese sent 183 planes to target all aircrafts in Ford Island, Wheeler Field, Hickam Field, Barber’s Point, and Kaneohe.Dive bombers and fighters were instructed to attack ground targets and destroyed all the parked aircrafts to avoid counterattacks. There were scout planes launched to patrol over and report on enemy composition and location. The second wave of attack was to clean out the remaining targets. It is composed of 171 military planes. There was a possible third wave of attack but due to several reasons, Japanese decided to withdraw. The Japanese were able to accomplished their intended objectives, and have won an outstanding tactical victory.The United States caught off guard and defended their bases unprepared; they have limited time in order to maintain the casualties. Though the attack inflicted large-scale destruction on US vessels and aircraft, it did not affect Pearl Harbor's fuel storage, maintenance, submarine, and intelligence facilities. Fortunately, the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attacks. The Japanese have undertaken offensive military actions throughout the Pacific area, hence the American take all measures for their defense.Therefore, the United States’ President Roosevelt together with Britain officially declared a war against the Empire of Japan. Nonetheless, the attacks of Japanese military to United States naval base leads to subsequently de claration of war by Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy against the Americans. Therefore, the European and Southeast Asian wars have now became a global conflict with the Axis powers; Japan, Germany and Italy, united against America, Britain, France, and other Allies. It resulted in the United States' entry into World War II united with their allies.

Power in ‘Ozymandias’ (page 14) and in one other poem from Character and voice: Compare Essay

Bothe Ozymandias and The River God have a strong theme of power throughout the poems. Power in The River God is first present when the river says â€Å"But I can drown those fouls† The use of the word â€Å"can† brings out the power of the river. He has the choice over people’s lives and the river is not afraid to let us know this. The whole sentence sounds like The River God is trying to add fear to whomever he is addressing, showing them he is in charge and they should know this. Ozymandias also attempts to bring out fear through his power. â€Å"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!† He is confident that he is more powerful than the mightiest and wants everyone to know this. The poet uses the word â€Å"despair†, in other words Ozymandias is saying look and be afraid. The word shows the worry and fear of those who lived in the times of Ozymandias. Both Ozymandias and The River God believe they are more powerful than any other, they are both arrogant and do not see anyone as competition to their reputation. The River God says â€Å"O I may be an old foul river but I have plenty of go†. He is saying that even though he is worn down and old he is still as strong and mighty as he was when he was a young river. The use of the word â€Å"plenty† brings out his arrogance, he is not just saying he is powerful but he is saying he will carry on with this strength for years to come. However in Ozymandias there is proof of his down fall, his loss of power. â€Å"Nothing beside remains† and â€Å"a shattered visage lies† are both evidence that even though he had all this power once he died it all left. The poet could have done this to show the reader that nothing lasts, everything has to end. The use of the word shattered is strong as it is almost like somebody defeated Ozymandias and that somebody was time. Als o it is quite ironic that on the stone it was written â€Å"Look on my works† as none of them remained and therefore couldn’t of been as important as he made out. Ozymandias is written to sound powerful when read out loud, iambic pentameter is used which gives the poem a regular sound.

Marketing is an oft conceived word used in our daily life Essay

Marketing is an oft conceived word used in our daily life - Essay Example The term was derived from the original meaning which taken literally meant simply going to the market to shop or to sell goods and services there. Marketing has grown by leaps and bounds today. It is a creative industry that has expanded down to various genres such as advertising, distribution and selling. Customer base is figured out, their needs and aspirations realized and the relevant product developed accordingly. "Robotic toys are the latest trend in a huge toy market worth $31.8 billion in the United States alone in 2005, according to the research firm NPD Group. The toy generations breed and spread rapidly--and go "extinct" fast, too". (Jeffries, 2006) But the innocence hidden in playing with mud has made it all time favorite game of children. While keeping in view the level of fame in the children the company is planning to introduce a new product. The product is the toy machine named as Mud Master that can make mud balls just like when one has to compact it with his hands. The toy will need sand, dirt, mud, and water in it to make mud balls much faster and more compact. The mud toy is a relatively new product that the company is going to launch. At the preliminary level, the product is stipulated to reach customers through vendors, whole sellers, the company's factory outlets and its main branches. Based on the response triggered by the product, future variations in the delivery of the product will be reasoned out. PRICING: As mentioned by Kotler (2000), the company will follow a six steps procedure for setting its pricing policy: 1. Selecting the pricing objective 2. determining demand 3. estimating costs 4. analyzing competitor's costs, prices and offers; 5. selecting a pricing method and 6. selecting the final price. The company will follow the method of target return pricing long-run profit making strategy by keeping the prices low. Price is an important factor in the determination of the marketing mix as it will have effects on the supply and demand of the company. Price is an important factor for the customer while making a decision to buy the mud maker. Price will often be the difference that will push a customer to buy our product over another, as long as most things are fairly similar. For this reason pricing policies need to be designed with consumers and external influences in mind, in order to effectively achieve a stable balance between sales and covering the production costs. Price strategies are important to the company because the price determines the amount of sales and profit per unit sold. Businesses have to set a price that is attractive to their customers and provides the business with a good level of profit (Geoffrey; 191-192) The company should give more incentives to middle men or retailers in way a that they offer them free samples, by this these retailers and middle man push their product in the market, so that coca cola can be seen more in the market. And have a good sale in the market because according to the expert which product seen more in the market that sells more, basically a strategy to provide incentives to retailers and distributors. "Seen

Paper assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper assignment - Essay Example The first thing that I have learnt is that secrets can take a number of forms and they can have different meanings for different people under diverse conditions. Some secrets may serve the purpose of arousing laughter, whereas others may prove to be a source of sadness. No matter what the meanings, it should be kept in mind that secrets are a reflection of the inner conditions of humans and their privacy should be respected at all costs. Also important to note is the fact that secrets can have far reaching consequences on the lives of people and it is for this reason that secrets should be kept and not shared with others; except in a way that ensures privacy of others. I also learnt that memories are an essential part of human lives. The idea of sharing with people the pictures of their lost cameras equates to providing them access to the memories of their past. Although it apparently looks strange that people are willing to get back their old photos, yet it becomes easily understandable if one realizes the willingness of humans to sustain connections with their pasts. We live in our present and intend to sustain a connection with the past while willing to reveal quickly which is hidden in our future. There are various things in life that are more precious in reality than they are ordinarily considered. An example is the voice of people who leave a message when the intended person is not available to talk to. Warren’s assertion that having a recording of someone voice is like keeping that person’s spirit alive is quite interesting. A person’s voice is a reflection of his/her personality and by keeping a recording of a person’s voice, it is possible to revive the memories when the person is no more with us. This has a striking resemblance to the notion of bringing a person back to life. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the various intangibles of

Learning jounal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning jounal - Essay Example Team working also facilitates people with further learning related to professionalism. In professional lives, team working is very significant, as people are required to be in teams. Team working also deals with communication. Communication is a skill that accommodates people to deal with one another. With the help of communication, people learn about living and working in group and teams. With the help of communication, we are able to get information and knowledge about people’s thinking, ideas and skills. Communication is a two way process in which the speaker and listener both have to communicate in a business setting in order to facilitate further communication. Leadership’s significance cannot be devalued as it is the leader who is able to keep people in teams and who facilitates them to follow him/her as a torch bearer (Renesch 1994). A leader is one who keeps people motivated towards tasks’ performance. In organizations and companies, leadership is very persuasive aspect, as it is only because of leaders that employees accompany each other towards a single motive and objective. Therefore, while working in a team, I learnt about team working, communication and leadership, all of which are very fundamental in professional life. All of these skills are interlinked to each other. Group effectiveness is very crucial in obtainment of jobs done. For every task or performance that is to be done by a group, there are some factors that are necessary to make the group productive and effective. The key factors that influence the effectiveness of a group are the characteristics of group members such as relevant professional skills, interpersonal skills, balanced diversity and time frame, member role, group size, norms, cohesiveness, development, adjourning and virtual communication (Devine, et. al 1999). Team working is all about cooperation and collaborative working because people are not working as individuals but

The Docket System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

The Docket System - Essay Example According to the study the court applied 15 U.S.C. 1125(d) and granted the case in favour of the City group. This domain name was registered by Shui on 13 October 1997 and they also set up a website of their own which had links such as â€Å"City Bank Students† and â€Å"City Bank Visa† but when the people who wanted to retrieve information clicked on these links they were redirected and none of websites affiliated with City Bank, consequently a hefty fine of USD 100,000 was applied to the guilty party. Docket no 3–06–0555 is about a criminal sexual abuse, the defendant in this case was James Johnson. The accused was alleged to have placed a pen in the Vagina of a minor girl. On 23 May 2005 it came to the knowledge of the judge that Johnson had skipped school to be in company of the minor girl and when the mother of the victim left for work, the accused had sexual intercourse with the minor girl. It was also found that the intercourse was consensual. The c ase took a dramatic when it was found that the minor girl was pregnant and it was also found that the accused had sex several times with the victim. Another important thing that was brought to light was that both had always had sex with mutual consent. The accused had to face severe consequences for his actions. Polar Tanker Vs City of Valdes is another intriguing case.  

Leadership Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Plan - Assignment Example The case study describes two significant leadership roles in the form of Vince Brofft and Kelly Mueller. The daughter and father are both dedicated leaders of their own family business, American Tool & Die. The changing scenario of the market had put excessive pressure on some of the local communities as more number of foreign automakers was grabbing the market share. In such a scenario the major goal of Kelly Mueller had been to adapt to the changing situations and shifting the business of AT&D from Michigan to Mississippi. This would eventually cause adverse effects on 195 employees as they have to get detached from their families. The concept of moral compass can be effectively incorporated in the attitude of Kelly Mueller with respect to her vision implementation. It can stated that she was more concerned with the future of these employees who were like a family to her, and she was more focused than her father in respect to goal orientation. Kelly Mueller was not a social architect rather she was more focused towards sustainability of her business. As a leader she was finding opportunities for her company so that she can take out her business from the financially unstable situation. As a leader of AT&D she was able to analyze well the potential problems surrounding the organization and take appropriate measures so as to overcome those problems. Kelly Mueller adopted the leadership role of directing its workforce towards success of the organization. She was not very determined towards following the traditional approach of leadership that focused more on coaching and supporting the employee base for business operations (Cameron, 2008). In context of moral compass Kelly Mueller can effectively put forward the virtue that decision she was taking to shift the plant was for sustainability of the business and also for the benefit of all those families of her workforce who were totally dependent on the business operations of AT &D. Her decision can

Merge of American Airlines and Us Airways Essay Example for Free

Merge of American Airlines and Us Airways Essay The buzz in the airline industry in February 2013 was all about the potential merger between American Airlines and US Airways since that would make the merged company the number one airline in the industry globally. Despite the some cynical comments veteran investors hold for investing in the airline industry, which will be mentioned below, as well as the unforeseen lawsuit being thrown at their way, it is an investment that is strongly suggests a profitable investment in the long run. First of all, the potential profitability of the merger could be foreseen by reviewing past cases of airlines mergers such as the merge between United Airlines and Continental Airlines as well as Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines. Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines merged in 2008 and United Airlines announced their merger with Continental Airlines 2 years later in 2010. Delta was not profitable right off the bat after their merger but took them a few years to turn things around balancing with the economical situation and oil prices. â€Å"Most pros consider the industry untouchable because the airlines have historically operated irrationally and have always been at the mercy of oil prices, unions and new competition†(Feinberg, 2013) but then again Feinberg says that United, Delta as well as US Airways â€Å"have been making money for the past three years and may achieve record profits in 2013† (Feinberg, 2013). Post merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines, â€Å"the parent company of United Airlines, one of the worlds largest carriers, reported a $448 million quarterly net loss, pressured by high fuel costs and expenses related to problems integrating some operations of United in its merger with Continental Airlines†(2012). †But the problems appear to be largely over. So far this year, United shares are up 22%, the SP 500 Index is up 14.5% and Delta shares are up 66%. No doubt, Smisek seeks room to grow (Reed, 2013).† United is also looking to enhance their services for corporate customers by â€Å"revamping its aircraft that fly from JFK to Los Angeles and San Francisco, adding flat bed seating and faster, complimentary Wi-Fi to its premium sections. American is adding state-of-the-art Boeing 777-300ER aircraft to its fleet, the largest new aircraft used by a U.S. carrier since 1990. Its premium cabin has a walk-up bar stocked with snacksa first for any U. S. airline, the company boasts† (Fickenscher, 2013). Another crucial factor that indicates sustainable growth are the soft skills; â€Å"A new American Airlines combining US Airways is fortunate to have US Airways CEO Doug Parker at the helm, because he appears to understand not just the nuts and bolts of merging logistics systems but also the human process of ego suppression. This would be the second time his smaller airline has merged with (taken over, some would say) a larger one, and the second time he has let go of the identity of the enterprise he built (HBS Working Knowledge at Forbes, 2013). † Creating an executive management team that is functioning well as a strong team is crucial to an MA situation. They also need to have a clear vision of the company in order to overcome all the minor speed bumps they will inevitably go through with the merger. Currently, American Airlines and US Airways are facing on going lawsuits against the US Justice department. Depending on the outcome of this lawsuit, American Airlines will either move on with their original merger plan or if blocked, then they would have to reorganize a new plan while operating in bankruptcy. References Feinberg, Andrew. 2013. News Flash: Airlines Soar. Kiplingers Personal Finance 67, no. 7: 38. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013). 2012. â€Å"United Continentals Loss Widens, but Less Than Expected.† New York Times, April 27. 4.Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013). Reed, Ted. 2013. â€Å"No Wonder Uniteds CEO Is Buying United Stock.† Forbes,com, September 1. Accessed September 15, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2013/09/01/no-wonder-uniteds-ceo-is-buying-united-stock/. Fickenscher, Lisa. 2013. Mergers put biz travelers in first class. Crains New York Business 29, no. 27: 3. Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013). 2013. â€Å"Big Deal: Reflections on the American and US Airways Megamerger.† Forbes.com 10. February 19. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15,2013).

Profiling Human Hair with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Profiling Human Hair with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics ABSTRACT Profiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Technique Aufa Madihah Binti Mohamad Anwar 1122204 Hair is any of the fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of humans can be found in crime scene due to interaction between victim, perpetrator and/or witness as explained in Locard’s Principle. This papers aim is to compare, categorize and identify human hair fiber using FTIR spectrometer and Chemometrics techniques. Hair samples will be collected from 200 subjects (Malay Women) of different ages groups. 50 samples will be collected from age group of people (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60). FTIR spectra will be obtained from each samples. The spectra of FTIR reflect the chemical and physical nature of a hair which can be classified in different group using Chemometrics techniques such as PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Keyword: FTIR, Chemometrics, Locard’s Principle, PCA Research Methodology 6.1 Materials Material uses in this experiment will be human hair. 50 strands will be collected for each group of age and the total hair strand obtained will be 200 strands: 6.2 Methods 6.2.1 Human Hair sample collection Human hair will be collected according to their age group (50 strands from each group of age). The hair fibers taken will be from telogen (fall naturally) phase and anagen (the root was cut) phase of the hair growth cycle. The hair fibers will be placed in a plastic bag and labeled accordingly. 6.3 Analysis 6.3.1 Revised IAEA Method for Cleaning Hair Fibers The cleaning process is needed to preserved hair samples for the elemental analysis. (Cargnello et al., 1995) The hair fibers will undergo ultrasonic vibration (sonicating) in each solutions for 10 minutes or less. This procedure will be done to minimize the damage of the cuticle surface. First, the hair fibers will be transferred to a small glass vial and will be covered with high purity acetone. The vial was then will be placed in Ultrasonic Disintegrator (Figure 6). The hair fibers will be sonicate of at 20 kHz for 10 minutes at the least. The acetone will be poured out and the hair will be rinsed with HPLC-grade water. These steps will be repeated again and for the last steps, the hair fibers will be rinsed and sonicated in de-ionized water inside the glass vial for 10 minutes. After all the cleaning process ended, the hair fiber will be dried under vacuum for two days before being analyzed. Figure 6 : Ultrasonic Disintegrator – Sonicater for the hair fibers 6.3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy A FTIR Spectrometer with Diamond ATR Smart Accessory (Figure 7) will be used in this procedure. The spectra of hair fibers will be recorded using the spectrometer. Figure 7: FTIR Spectrometer with Diamond Smart Accessory The parameters of FTIR-ATR for the analysis (Table 2): Before analyzing and collecting the spectrum from the hair samples, a background spectrum will be recorded. The hair fibers will then going through spectral sampling process : The fibers will be placed across the diamond crystal and will be pressed (to obtain a good contact) using the pressure tower. Spectrum will be recorded. The collected data will be saved on the Spectral Software Program (as .SPC files). Spectral Processing The recorded spectral will be saved as .SPC files and are imported into the spectral software package for spectral processing as .SPA files. First of all, the baseline of the spectra will be corrected and the offset will be set to zero. Then, the spectra will be trimmed so that it will be in the range of ÃŽ ±-keratin absorption bands which is 1759-785 cm-1 range (major characteristic of ÃŽ ±-keratin). The trimmed spectral will then be transferred to an Excel spreadsheet and saved as an .XLS file. Raw Data Matrix and Chemometric Analysis Pre-processing of data is defined as â€Å"mathematical manipulation of a data is used due to primary analysis†. (Arnberg R. et al., 1998).This step helps in eliminating or decreasing unrelated sources (systematic or random errors). Variance Scaling Scaling steps will be done prior to the fact that the treatment considers both the measurement unit of the values and the origin of scale. (Meloun M. et al., 1992) Scaling is needed to include: Cartesian system’s shift of the origin, Axes’ contraction or expansion. Double Centring Double string will be obtained by subtracting the mean of each row x (x-mean centring) and row y (y-mean centring). This procedure reduces the effect of the variance component reflected by PCI of the un-pretreated data set and removes common spectral features. (Kokot S. et al., 1997) Equation 1 and Equation 2 (Meloun M. et al., 1992) described the process above: Yim = xim – x.mEquation 1 Continued by; zim = yim yi Equation 2 Where; yim = column centred datum xim = datum in row I and column m before centring x.m = mean of column m = xim / I zim = double centred datum Standardization The standardization procedure is included to equalize the variance of each variable and to remove the weighting that is artificially imposed by the scale of the variables. (Arnberg R. et al., 1998) Standardization process can be described in the equation 3 and 4 below: yim = xim / sm Equation 3 Where; sm = (xim – x.m)2  ½ Equation 4 I – 1 = the estimate of the standard deviation of the variable, xm, about its mean. Albano et al. state that â€Å"standardization of each subset separately gives better resolution in latent variable modeling of subsets†. (Albano et al., 1981) Auto-scaling Combination of column centring and standardization is known auto-scaling. It can be represented by Equation 5 (Meloun M. et al., 1992): zim = (yim – yi) / sm Equation 5 Chemometric Analysis The doubled centred matrices will be imported into the software that cans multivariate analysis and experimental design. The processed matrices will produce the resultant PCA scores plots, loading plots and fuzzy clustering tables. Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) The multivariate analysis method (PROMETHEE and GAIA) will find the relationships between the objects and variables severally. The matrix data will then undergoes packaging for decision making. Chemometrics Chemometrics helps in analysis of spectral data by solving the calibration problem. It uses statistical and mathematical methods to correlate quality parameters to analytical instrument data. The data will be observed and recorded. Then, patterns in data will be brought out and modeled. The modeled patterns will be used for data analysis in future. (Einax J.W. et al., 1997) 6.3.5.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA is a well-known pattern recognition method for pertaining to any procedure involving multivariate (two or more variables) data analysis problems. Identification and discrimination of the objects can be obtained with the help of PCA whereby it is a data reduction technique. Data reduction technique is when the information is sorted into a data matrix using selected variables that define the columns and rows which was designated with sample measurements. PCjk = aj1xk1 + aj2xk2 + †¦ ajnxkn Equation 6 Where; PCjk = value for object k and principal component j aj1 = variable 1 on object k value xk1 = variable 1 on component j measurement n = original variables total number 6.3.5.2 SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy) Classification is defines as the process of categorizing something according to same qualities or characteristics. SIMCA is supervised method for classification of data. The method requires a training (test) data set consisting of samples where their origins are known. PCA is used to develop a model of each class within the test set. The users will select the members of a set. A model can be representing by the equation (Chatfield C., 1980): Xki = Xi + + ajiujk + eki Equation 7 Where; p = number of the principal components in the class model eki = residual value of object k on variable i Gant Chart for Research Timeline Expected Results The research regarding human scalp hair resulted in new database on human hair according to their age group for woman, Malay. With the help of chemometrics method the human hair database can be created. The data obtained from Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy which was then analyze and modeled through chemometrics and the new database is set. In the database, the human hair was classified according to their age group and the composition that differs the age. Through the research, it shows that in human hair the amount of amino acid (protein) differs. As the age increase, the amounts of amino acid (protein) decrease and as the age lower the amino acid (protein) higher. 9.0 Conclusion This study is proposed to help creating a new database besides furthering investigation on human hair as physical evidence. Theory of physical evidence can be quoted from Locard’s Principal which stated that â€Å"every contact leaves a trace. Physical evidence cannot be faulty; it can’t perjure itself, and it always present. Only human failure to study, explore and understand it can diminish its worth†. Furthermore, fibers evidence is often found at the crime scene. Thus, in creating this new database it can aids in forensic process. The human hair samples that was obtained from different age group (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, >60) but same gender and race undergoes FTIR spectroscopy to detect the amount of amino acid (protein). The data was then was analyze using chemometrics. In short, it can be concluded that the amount of amino acid (protein) is inversely proportional to the age group.